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Hash functions are fundamental building blocks in a wide variety of computing systems, ranging from integrity verification to cryptographic protocols. The 128‑bit MD5 hash, originally designed by Rivest in 1991, has been widely adopted due to its computational efficiency. However, the discovery of practical collision attacks (Wang et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2007) has led to a gradual deprecation of MD5 in security‑sensitive scenarios.

The 32‑character hexadecimal value 5a82f65b9a1b41b1af1bc9df802d15db exemplifies a typical MD5 digest. It is often observed in: 5a82f65b9a1b41b1af1bc9df802d15db best

Given the ongoing tension between performance and security, it is essential to assess whether retaining such hashes is justified in modern systems. This paper addresses the following research questions (RQs): Hash functions are fundamental building blocks in a

| Algorithm | Output Size | Typical Throughput* | Security Margin | |-----------|------------|---------------------|-----------------| | SHA‑256 | 256 bits | ~250 MiB/s | Strong (≥2¹²⁸) | | BLAKE3 | 256 bits | ~1 GiB/s (SIMD) | Strong (≥2¹²⁸) | | SHA‑3‑256 | 256 bits | ~150 MiB/s | Strong (≥2¹²⁸) | | MD5 | 128 bits | ~300 MiB/s | Weak (≤2⁶⁴) | Given the ongoing tension between performance and security,

*Measured on an Intel Core i9‑13900K, single thread, OpenSSL 3.2.

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