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Remote Sensing and GIS by Basudeb Bhatta, published by Oxford University Press
, is a comprehensive textbook widely used in geoinformatics and engineering. It provides exhaustive coverage of technical principles, data models, and modern geospatial trends. Key Features of the Third Edition
The latest edition includes updated content tailored for both undergraduate students and practicing professionals: Expanded Content : Includes a new chapter dedicated to Change Detection and Geosimulation Modern Technologies
: Updated coverage of the latest remote sensing satellites, launchers, and advancements in and mobile mapping. Comprehensive Data Models
: Detailed discussions on spatial and attribute data models, digital photogrammetry, and visual image analysis. Enhanced Navigation Systems
: Coverage of global navigation satellite systems, including GPS and IRNSS Interactive Digital Support : Accessible through the Oxford Areal app
, featuring color plates for visualization, supplementary text, and MCQs for self-assessment. Amazon.com Core Topics Covered
The book is structured into sections covering image analysis and geospatial analysis: REMOTE SENSING &GIS FULL NOTES.pdf
The textbook "Remote Sensing and GIS" by Basudeb Bhatta (published by Oxford University Press) is widely regarded as an essential guide for beginners and professionals in Geomatics. It covers the entire lifecycle of spatial data, from capture via satellites to analysis within a GIS framework. Key Concepts Covered
Remote Sensing Foundations: Detailed explanations of optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing, alongside the physics of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Satellite Systems: Covers global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) like GPS, Galileo, and NavIC, plus modern trends in UAV (drone) mapping.
GIS & Data Modeling: Practical guidance on spatial and attribute data models, geospatial analysis, and the implementation and management of GIS systems.
Digital Image Processing: Advanced techniques for visual image analysis, enhancement, and automated classification. Why It's a "Useful Story" for Learners
Readers often describe this book as a bridge for those without a technical background.
Remote Sensing and GIS - Basudeb Bhatta - Oxford University Press
. This is written to highlight the book's value as a foundational and updated resource for students and professionals.
🌍 Mastering Geoinformatics: Why Basudeb Bhatta’s "Remote Sensing and GIS" is a Must-Read
If you are studying civil engineering, geography, or environmental science, you’ve likely come across the name Basudeb Bhatta . His textbook, Remote Sensing and GIS , published by Oxford University Press India
, is widely considered one of the most comprehensive guides in the field. Why this book stands out: Complete Coverage:
It bridges the gap between the history of space technology and modern-day geospatial analysis, covering optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing. Lucid Style: Readers on
frequently praise the author's simple, clear explanations that make complex mathematical equations and concepts easier to grasp. Practical Updates (3rd Edition): The latest edition includes vital new topics like Change Detection Geosimulation , and advances in WebGIS and mobile mapping Digital Integration:
The 3rd edition moves beyond traditional CDs, offering digital support through Oxford Areal
with color plates, supplementary text, and MCQs for instant feedback. Who is it for?
The book is specifically designed to meet the curriculum requirements of: Remote Sensing and GIS - Basudeb Bhatta - Google Books
Basudeb Bhatta's Remote Sensing and GIS is widely regarded as a premiere foundational textbook for students and professionals in geoinformatics. Published by Oxford University Press, it is praised for its lucid style and comprehensive coverage of both theoretical concepts and practical applications. Key Features and Content
The book is structured into two main parts—Remote Sensing and GIS—covering a vast range of topics:
Remote Sensing Basics: Exhaustive details on optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing.
Advanced Technologies: In-depth discussions on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), GPS, and digital photogrammetry.
Analysis Techniques: Extensive chapters on visual image analysis and digital image processing (DIP).
GIS Framework: Detailed coverage of spatial data models, attribute management, and geospatial analysis.
Practical Tools: Includes practice questions, case studies, and modern trends like WebGIS and mobile mapping. Community Reviews
“This book is specially very much beneficial for a beginner.. All the terms are illustrative, written in a very lucid language.” Amazon.in
“Packed with TONS of useful information laid out perfectly. Best of all It didn't cost $50,000,00000 !!” Goodreads · 17 years ago Pros and Cons Remote Sensing and GIS 3rd Edition: Bhatta: 9780199496648
Remote Sensing and GIS by Basudeb Bhatta, published by Oxford University Press, is widely considered a foundational textbook for engineering and earth science students. While "verified" PDF downloads are often sought on third-party sites like Scribd or Google Books, these are typically restricted to previews or require a subscription for full access. Core Book Overview
The text covers the full spectrum of geospatial technologies, evolving through multiple editions to include the latest satellite missions and digital techniques.
Remote Sensing Basics: Comprehensive coverage of optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing, including the electromagnetic spectrum and energy interactions.
Digital Image Processing: Detailed chapters on visual image analysis, enhancements, and classification techniques.
GIS & Geospatial Analysis: Exploration of spatial and attribute data models, database management (DBMS), and the planning/implementation of GIS projects.
Modern Trends: The 3rd Edition (2021) introduces drone-based remote sensing, advanced GNSS (Galileo, Beidou), and geosimulation. Verified Access Options
For students and professionals, the following are the most reliable ways to access the material legally: remote sensing and gis 3e - Bhatta, Basudeb - Amazon.in
Basudeb Bhatta's Remote Sensing and GIS is a widely recognized textbook that provides exhaustive coverage of geoinformatics, from basic concepts to advanced spatial data modeling. While PDF previews and notes are available on academic platforms, verified full digital versions are primarily accessible through official publishers or libraries. Book Overview The textbook is divided into two primary parts: Remote Sensing and Image Analysis
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geospatial Analysis Oxford University Press Part I: Remote Sensing
Covers the history and basic concepts of remote sensing, including electromagnetic radiation and sensor resolutions. remote sensing and gis basudeb bhatta pdf verified
Includes detailed discussions on optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing, as well as digital image processing. Part II: GIS
Focuses on spatial and attribute data modeling and metadata concepts.
Addresses the planning, implementation, and management of GIS systems. Oxford University Press Verified Versions and Availability
Official digital and physical copies can be found through established academic and retail platforms: Remote Sensing and GIS: Press | PDF - Scribd
Book Details:
Book Description:
This book provides a comprehensive overview of remote sensing and GIS, including the fundamental principles, techniques, and applications. It covers topics such as:
Verified PDF Source:
I couldn't find a direct link to a verified PDF version of the book. However, you can try checking online repositories and libraries that provide access to e-books and academic resources, such as:
Caution:
Be cautious when downloading e-books from unverified sources, as they may contain malware or be copyrighted materials. Always verify the source and respect the author's and publisher's rights.
If you're unable to find a verified PDF version, consider purchasing the book or accessing it through a university library or online repository.
Basudeb Bhatta’s " Remote Sensing and GIS " (3rd Edition) is a cornerstone text that bridges the gap between historical foundations and modern digital photogrammetry. While the book is often sought as a reference for academic fundamentals, an "interesting" paper for 2026 should build upon Bhatta’s core concepts—like energy interactions and spatial data models—to address current frontiers like GeoAI and Digital Twins.
Below is a proposed structure for a compelling research paper that uses Bhatta’s framework as a springboard into next-generation geospatial intelligence. Paper Title:
From Static Maps to Living Digital Twins: The Evolution of Integrated RS-GIS Frameworks for Urban Resilience (2026) 1. Introduction
The Foundation: Use Bhatta’s definitions of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as "interconnected systems for earth observation and spatial decision-making".
The Shift: Argue that the field is moving from Mapping (understanding patterns) and Monitoring (understanding processes) to Simulating (predicting future outcomes). 2. Core Theoretical Framework (Referencing Bhatta)
The Physics of Sensing: Review Bhatta’s work on the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Sensor Resolutions (Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal) as the baseline for high-resolution data acquisition.
Data Modeling: Utilize Bhatta’s Spatial and Attribute Data Models to explain how raw satellite data becomes actionable geospatial intelligence. 3. Advanced Integration: The 2026 Perspective REMOTE SENSING &GIS FULL NOTES.pdf
Basudeb Bhatta is a prominent figure in the field of geoinformatics. He has extensive academic and professional experience, currently associated with leading technological institutes. His expertise lies in the application of GIS and remote sensing in urban planning, resource management, and environmental studies. His writing style is noted for being accessible to beginners while maintaining technical rigor.
Tell me which of those you want now (locating PDF via libraries, ISBN/edition, or practical dataset walkthrough).
Remote Sensing and GIS Basudeb Bhatta is a comprehensive textbook published by Oxford University Press
. It is widely used by students and professionals for its detailed coverage of geospatial technologies and their practical applications. New York University Core Content and Structure
The book is typically divided into two main parts that bridge the gap between data acquisition and spatial analysis: Remote Sensing and Image Analysis:
Covers the history and basic concepts of remote sensing, including optical, thermal, and microwave sensors.
Discusses digital image processing, photogrammetry, and visual image interpretation.
Explains global navigation satellite systems like GPS and IRNSS. Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
Focuses on spatial and attribute data models, geospatial analysis, and data management.
Details the planning, implementation, and management of GIS systems.
Highlights modern trends and diverse applications in environmental management, urban planning, and resource monitoring. New York University About the Author Basudeb Bhatta
is the Course Coordinator at the Computer Aided Design Centre of Jadavpur University
in Kolkata, India. He has over 25 years of experience in the fields of remote sensing, GNSS, and GIS and has authored numerous research papers and textbooks on geoinformatics. Amazon.com Verified Access and Resources
While full digital versions are subject to copyright, you can access legitimate previews, summaries, and physical copies through the following platforms: Full Previews and Purchase: Available on Google Books Oxford University Press Library and Academic Resources: Search via Open Library or institutional portals like P K Kelkar Library (IIT Kanpur) Study Materials: Platforms like SlideShare often host uploaded summaries or specific edition updates. Amazon.com Remote Sensing And Gis By Basudeb Bhatta - CLaME
Remote Sensing and GIS: A Comprehensive Overview by Basudeb Bhatta
Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are two powerful tools that have revolutionized the way we analyze and understand the Earth's surface. The integration of remote sensing and GIS has opened up new avenues for research, planning, and management in various fields, including environmental monitoring, urban planning, agriculture, and natural resource management. In this article, we will provide an in-depth overview of remote sensing and GIS, with a focus on the work of Basudeb Bhatta, a renowned expert in the field.
What is Remote Sensing?
Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about the Earth's surface through the use of sensors that are not in physical contact with the surface. This can be done through various platforms, including satellites, aircraft, and drones. Remote sensing technology has been widely used for monitoring environmental changes, land use/land cover changes, and natural disasters. The data collected through remote sensing can be in the form of images, which can be analyzed to extract valuable information.
What is GIS?
GIS is a computer-based system that allows users to capture, store, analyze, and display geographically referenced data. GIS combines the capabilities of mapping, spatial analysis, and data analysis to provide a powerful tool for decision-making. GIS has been widely used in various fields, including urban planning, transportation planning, and natural resource management.
Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS
The integration of remote sensing and GIS has been a game-changer in the field of geospatial analysis. Remote sensing provides the data, while GIS provides the tools to analyze and visualize the data. The integration of remote sensing and GIS allows users to analyze and understand complex spatial phenomena, such as land use/land cover changes, deforestation, and urbanization.
Basudeb Bhatta's Contributions
Basudeb Bhatta is a renowned expert in the field of remote sensing and GIS. He has made significant contributions to the development of remote sensing and GIS applications in various fields, including environmental monitoring, urban planning, and natural resource management. His work focuses on the integration of remote sensing and GIS for sustainable development.
Book: Remote Sensing and GIS by Basudeb Bhatta
Basudeb Bhatta has authored a book titled "Remote Sensing and GIS" that provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and applications of remote sensing and GIS. The book covers topics such as remote sensing fundamentals, GIS concepts, and applications of remote sensing and GIS in various fields. The book is widely used as a textbook in universities and colleges around the world.
Verified PDF
The PDF version of Basudeb Bhatta's book "Remote Sensing and GIS" is widely available online. However, it is essential to ensure that the PDF is verified and authentic. A verified PDF ensures that the content has not been tampered with and is accurate. The verified PDF of Basudeb Bhatta's book can be obtained from reputable sources, such as online libraries and academic databases. The keyword phrase "pdf verified" suggests a specific
Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS
The applications of remote sensing and GIS are diverse and widespread. Some of the significant applications include:
Conclusion
Remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools that have revolutionized the way we analyze and understand the Earth's surface. The integration of remote sensing and GIS has opened up new avenues for research, planning, and management in various fields. Basudeb Bhatta's work in remote sensing and GIS has been instrumental in promoting the use of these technologies for sustainable development. The verified PDF of his book "Remote Sensing and GIS" is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the field.
References
Download Verified PDF
The verified PDF of Basudeb Bhatta's book "Remote Sensing and GIS" can be downloaded from the following sources:
Table of Contents
The table of contents of Basudeb Bhatta's book "Remote Sensing and GIS" is as follows:
Index
The index of Basudeb Bhatta's book "Remote Sensing and GIS" includes keywords such as:
The book provides a comprehensive overview of remote sensing and GIS, with a focus on applications in various fields. The verified PDF of the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the field.
Remote Sensing and GIS: A Comprehensive Overview by Basudeb Bhatta
Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are two powerful tools that have revolutionized the field of geospatial analysis and decision-making. The integration of remote sensing and GIS has enabled the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of spatial data, which is crucial for various applications in fields such as environmental monitoring, urban planning, natural resource management, and disaster management. In this article, we will provide an in-depth overview of remote sensing and GIS, with a focus on the book by Basudeb Bhatta, a renowned expert in the field.
What is Remote Sensing?
Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about the Earth's surface through the use of sensors that are not in physical contact with the surface. This technology involves the collection of data about the Earth's surface using aerial or satellite imagery, which is then analyzed to extract useful information. Remote sensing is widely used for various applications, including land use/land cover classification, crop monitoring, soil moisture estimation, and environmental monitoring.
What is GIS?
GIS is a computer-based system that allows users to capture, store, analyze, and display geographically referenced data. It is a powerful tool for analyzing and interpreting spatial data, which is critical for decision-making in various fields. GIS enables users to integrate spatial data from various sources, including remote sensing, GPS, and field observations, to analyze and visualize complex relationships between different variables.
Book Overview: Remote Sensing and GIS by Basudeb Bhatta
The book "Remote Sensing and GIS" by Basudeb Bhatta provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and applications of remote sensing and GIS. The book is written for students, researchers, and professionals who want to learn about the fundamentals of remote sensing and GIS and their applications in various fields. The book covers topics such as:
Key Features of the Book
The book "Remote Sensing and GIS" by Basudeb Bhatta has several key features that make it a valuable resource for students and professionals:
Download and Verification of the PDF
The book "Remote Sensing and GIS" by Basudeb Bhatta is widely available online, and a PDF version can be downloaded from various sources. However, it is essential to verify the authenticity of the PDF to ensure that it is a legitimate copy of the book. To verify the PDF, readers can check the following:
Conclusion
Remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools that have revolutionized the field of geospatial analysis and decision-making. The book "Remote Sensing and GIS" by Basudeb Bhatta provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and applications of these technologies. The book is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and professionals who want to learn about the fundamentals of remote sensing and GIS and their applications in various fields. By verifying the authenticity of the PDF, readers can ensure that they have a legitimate copy of the book.
References
Verified PDF Sources
Basudeb Bhatta is a renowned authority in geoinformatics, currently serving as the Course Coordinator of the Computer Aided Design Centre at Jadavpur University. His primary textbook, Remote Sensing and GIS,
" now in its third edition (2020), is widely considered an exhaustive resource for students and professionals. Key Features of "Remote Sensing and GIS" (3rd Edition)
The latest version published by Oxford University Press includes several significant updates:
Satellite Advancements: Exhaustive coverage of newer launches such as Landsat-8, the Sentinel series, and the Indian Space Program.
UAV Technology: New sections on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (drone) based remote sensing, including a practical guide and India's UAV policy.
GNSS Integration: Detailed discussions on advanced Global Navigation Satellite Systems like Galileo, BeiDou, and NavIC.
Advanced Analysis: Specialized chapters on Change Detection and Geosimulation, as well as the transition from pixel-based to Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). Notable Research and Contributions
Beyond his textbook, Bhatta has published extensive research focusing on urban dynamics and environmental monitoring:
Urban Growth Analysis: He famously conducted a case study on Kolkata's urban growth from 1980–2010, utilizing geoinformatics to model urban boundaries.
Environmental Risk Mapping: Recent work includes mapping forest fire risks in subtropical regions like Meghalaya, India, using geoinformation technology.
Machine Learning: His research integrates algorithms like Random Forest and Support Vector Machines for automated feature extraction in GIS-based modeling. Verified Access and Resources
While full textbooks are subject to copyright, verified previews, prefaces, and supplementary materials can be found through official channels:
Official Publisher Site: Oxford University Press India provides detailed tables of contents and edition summaries.
Academic Repositories: Institutions like Jadavpur University and platforms like Scribd host verified prelims and preface PDFs that outline the book's comprehensive scope.
Digital Support: The book features digital support through Oxford Areal, which includes color plates and assessment MCQs. Basudeb Bhatta Remote Sensing And Gis
The story of " Remote Sensing and GIS Basudeb Bhatta is not just about a textbook; it is the journey of a definitive guide that became a cornerstone for geoinformatics education in India and beyond. The Architect: Dr. Basudeb Bhatta The story begins with Dr. Basudeb Bhatta , a researcher and educator at Jadavpur University
in Kolkata. With over 25 years of experience in the field, Dr. Bhatta recognized a gap in how complex spatial technologies were taught to undergraduates. He set out to create a "verified" roadmap—a text that could bridge the gap between high-level satellite physics and practical geographic mapping. The Blueprint: From Concept to Reality First published in 2008 by Oxford University Press
, the book was designed to be exhaustive. It doesn't just cover the basics; it dives deep into: Optical, Thermal, and Microwave Sensing
: Explaining how sensors "see" the world beyond human sight. GNSS & GPS : Decoding how we pinpoint any location on Earth. Digital Image Processing Many students search for "free verified PDF" to
: The "magic" of turning raw satellite data into meaningful maps. The book gained a reputation for its lucid style
. Students often describe it as the "reference they keep" long after their 200-level college courses, with some even jokingly warning others "Don't Panic!" due to its sheer depth of information. The Evolution: Keeping Pace with the Sky As technology advanced, so did the book. Now in its Third Edition , it has been meticulously updated to include: New Satellites : Information on Chandrayaan-1 , WorldView-2, and Cartosat launches. Modern Trends : Advancements in
and mobile mapping that reflect how we use maps on our phones today. Interactive Learning : The latest versions often include digital support through Oxford Areal , providing color plates and assessment MCQs. The "Verified" Legacy
Today, the book is a recommended text for students in civil engineering, environmental science, and disaster management. Its legacy is cemented by its practical application; researchers use Bhatta’s methods to analyze urban growth and sprawl
in cities like Kolkata, proving that the theories in the book translate directly into solving real-world geographic problems. Remote Sensing and GIS: Bhatta, Basudeb: 9780198072393
The monsoon rain lashed against the window of the university library, blurring the world outside into a smear of grey and green. Inside, Kabir sat hunched over a desk cluttered with topographic maps and a cooling cup of tea. His thesis defense was in three days, and his flood susceptibility model for the Sundarbans region had just crashed—again.
"Syntax error in the algorithm," he muttered, rubbing his temples. "Or maybe the data is just garbage."
Desperation had a scent, Kabir thought, like old paper and ozone. He reached for his backpack, rummaging past a tangled nest of charging cables until his fingers brushed against the spiral binding of a heavy, well-worn paperback.
It was his lifeline: Remote Sensing and GIS by Basudeb Bhatta.
The book wasn't new. It was a fourth-hand copy he’d bought from a senior, a book that had survived three previous graduating classes. The cover was creased, and the pages were filled with highlighted equations and scribbled notes in the margins. But the digital copy he had been relying on—a PDF he’d found on a shared drive—was corrupted. The diagrams he needed for the chapter on "Digital Image Processing" were pixelated beyond recognition.
He needed the book. But as he flipped to Chapter 12, his heart sank. The pages were torn. Someone had ripped out the specific section on "Supervised Classification Algorithms."
Kabir stared at the jagged edge of paper. He slammed the book shut. "Perfect," he whispered. "Just perfect."
He remembered the email he had received two weeks ago from an obscure academic forum. The subject line had read: Basudeb Bhatta PDF Verified Source. He had dismissed it as spam, another clickbait link promising free textbooks while delivering malware. But now, with the deadline looming and his physical copy incomplete, he had no choice.
He opened his laptop, the screen casting a blue glow on his tired face. He navigated to his archived emails and found it. He hesitated, hovering the cursor over the link. "Verified," he muttered. "We’ll see about that."
He clicked. Instead of the usual barrage of pop-ups, a clean, academic portal opened. A progress bar slid across the screen: Authenticating... Verifying Integrity...
The file downloaded. It opened instantly.
Kabir held his breath. This wasn't a scanned copy with crooked pages and coffee stains. It was crisp, digital, and perfect. But what caught his eye wasn't the text. It was a layer of annotations that shouldn't have been there. They weren't standard PDF comments; they looked like coordinates and code snippets overlaying the diagrams.
He scrolled to the section on Microwave Remote Sensing. An annotation blinked next to a diagram of a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image.
The standard formula for speckle noise reduction fails in high-humidity mangrove regions. Use the modified algorithm below.
Kabir blinked. That was exactly the problem he had been hitting. His model kept interpreting heavy rain as solid land masses because of the 'speckle noise' in the radar data. He typed the modified code from the annotation into his GIS software.
He hit Run.
The processing wheel spun. The library’s clock ticked loudly. Outside, thunder rumbled.
On his screen, the map of the Sundarbans rendered. The red error messages vanished. The algorithm worked. The flood plains were clearly delineated, separating the water from the land with surgical precision.
Kabir sat back, stunned. He looked closer at the annotation author. The username was simply: BBhatta.
A chill ran down his spine that had nothing to do with the air conditioning. He scrolled to the preface. The digital signature was crisp. This wasn't just a "verified PDF"; it felt like a living document.
He opened the chat window linked to the academic portal, a feature usually reserved for student discussions. He typed, fingers trembling slightly.
"Who is this? The modified code worked. It saved my thesis."
He waited. The rain hammered harder against the glass. A response popped up almost instantly.
"Remote sensing is about seeing what is hidden. GIS is about connecting what is seen. You were looking at the data, Kabir, but you weren't seeing the humidity interference."
Kabir typed back, "Is this... Dr. Bhatta?"
There was a long pause. The cursor blinked rhythmically.
"Verification ensures the source is authentic. It ensures the knowledge is pure. You have the theory. Now you have the application. Go defend your model."
The status of the user flickered to Offline.
Kabir stared at the screen. He looked down at the torn physical book on his desk, then back at the glowing, verified PDF. He saved the file to three different hard drives. He didn't know if he had just spoken to the author, a ghost in the machine, or a generous academic angel.
All he knew was that the map on his screen was complete. The floodwaters had receded from his model, revealing the path to his degree. He closed the laptop, picked up the battered physical book, and tucked it into his bag with newfound respect.
The rain hadn't stopped, but the fog in his mind had cleared. He was ready.
The text is frequently cited in university curricula across India and South Asia. It is considered a standard reference because:
Basudeb Bhatta’s "Remote Sensing and GIS" is a widely used textbook covering fundamentals and applied methods in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and their integration. Below is a concise, actionable guide covering the book’s scope, key topics, how to find and verify a legitimate PDF copy, recommended ways to use the book for learning or teaching, and practical next steps (software, datasets, exercises).
Week 1 — Foundations
Week 2 — Image acquisition & preprocessing
Week 3 — Image enhancement & transformations
Week 4 — Classification methods
Week 5 — Microwave & thermal sensing
Week 6 — GIS fundamentals
Week 7 — Integration & applications
Week 8 — Project & assessment
