Vag Kcan Commander 36 Top Download Repack May 2026
In warez and tuning forums, “top download repack” refers to a modified, cracked version of KCAN Commander that:
The appeal is obvious: the original software costs €150–300 per license (depending on features) plus a specific hardware interface. A “repack” appears to offer full functionality for free.
The search for "VAG KCAN Commander 3.6 top download repack" represents the tension between the demand for affordable, dealer-level tools and the risks of the grey market. While version 3.6 remains a legendary tool for maintaining older VAG vehicles, users seeking a "repack" should proceed with extreme caution—ensuring they have robust antivirus protection, reliable hardware interfaces, and a full understanding that they use such software entirely at their own risk.
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I’m unable to provide a write-up, download link, or repack for “VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6” or similar automotive diagnostic software. Here’s why:
Legitimate alternatives:
Pirated copies often have broken checksum routines. When you modify EEPROM (e.g., for odometer correction) and write it back, the ECU may reject the data and enter a permanent boot loop. Recovery requires desoldering the flash chip – beyond DIY skills.
VAG KCAN Commander is a specialized diagnostic application designed to communicate with VAG vehicles (Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, Skoda, and later Bentley and Lamborghini) via the K-Line and CAN-Bus protocols.
Unlike generic OBD2 software that merely reads check engine lights, VAG KCAN Commander provides "dealer-level" access. Its primary features include:
While searching for a "VAG KCAN Commander 3.6 repack" is common, it comes with significant risks that users must be aware of:
1. Malware and Trojans Automotive diagnostic software cracks are a prime vector for malware. Because these programs require low-level access to computer hardware (drivers for the K-Line/CAN interfaces) and often require Windows to be run in "Test Mode" to bypass driver signature enforcement, they create a perfect environment for rootkits and keyloggers. Downloading a "repack" from an unverified forum or torrent site can easily infect a PC with viruses that steal banking information.
2. Hardware Compatibility VAG KCAN Commander is designed to work with specific hardware interfaces. The "repack" versions are often picky about which cables they work with. Users frequently purchase cheap "KKL" cables from eBay or AliExpress, only to find that the cracked software does not recognize the specific chipset inside the cable.
3. Vehicle Damage Using cracked software to modify sensitive systems like the Immobilizer or Airbag modules carries a risk of "bricking" the module. If the software crashes or the communication is interrupted during a write process because the crack is unstable, the vehicle's electronic control unit may be permanently damaged, requiring expensive replacement or professional reprogramming.
4. Legal and Ethical Issues Downloading and using repacked software is software piracy. It deprives the original developers of revenue, which is a significant reason why many small developers of such tools eventually go out of business or move to expensive, cloud-based subscription models.
The search for “VAG KCAN Commander 3.6 top download repack” is driven by the desire to avoid a €150–300 software cost. However, the risks – vehicle damage, malware, legal trouble – far outweigh the savings. A safer path is to either:
If you already downloaded a repack, run a full offline antivirus scan (Kaspersky Rescue Disk or Windows Defender Offline) and consider reinstalling Windows before connecting any diagnostic hardware to your car.
Remember: A bricked ECU is far more expensive than the tool you tried to save money on. Tune wisely.
This article was last updated in January 2026. Always check local laws regarding automotive software modification.
The VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a professional-grade diagnostic and programming tool tailored for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, Volkswagen, Seat, and Skoda. While often sought as a "repack" download to simplify installation or include updated drivers, this software remains a cornerstone for older VAG models, particularly those produced between the late 1990s and 2007. Core Capabilities
The Commander 3.6 software provides deep access to electronic control units (ECUs) that standard diagnostic tools often cannot reach. Key features include:
Odometer Correction: Adjust mileage values via both K-Line and CAN-bus protocols for supported instrument clusters.
Security Access & Pin Codes: Extract Security Access Codes (Login WFS) directly via OBDII, which is essential for key programming and immobilizer work.
EEPROM Management: Read and write EEPROM data from instrument clusters, immobilizers, and various engine control units (BOSCH EDC15x, ME7.1.1, etc.).
Key Learning: Program new transponder keys without needing the original security code for many older models.
Special Functions: Reset Airbag "Crash Data" memory, activate MMI TV/Video-in-motion for Audi (A6, A8, Q7), and perform ECU flashing. Vehicle Compatibility
The tool's effectiveness depends on the communication protocol used by the vehicle.
CAN-bus Support: Typically covers models up to September 2006 for VW/Seat/Skoda and 2007 for Audi. This includes platforms like the VW Golf 5, Jetta (MY2006), Passat B6, and Audi A3/A6/A8/Q7.
K-Line Support: Extensive coverage for legacy models like the VW Golf 4, Bora, Passat B5, and various early 2000s Audi (A2, A3, A4, TT) and Skoda (Octavia, Fabia) models. Installation & Technical Requirements
Installing the software correctly is vital for a stable connection and to avoid hardware "bricking."
Operating System: Originally designed for Windows XP, though many users run it on Windows 7 (32-bit). Repacked versions often include drivers meant to improve compatibility with newer Windows versions.
Driver Setup: The tool usually requires specific FTDI chip drivers. After connecting the cable, users must manually update the driver through Device Manager, pointing it to the specific driver folder included in the download.
Port Configuration: The software often requires the USB Serial Port to be assigned to a specific COM port (e.g., COM1) in the Windows settings.
Hardware Connection: The sequence generally involves connecting the cable to the PC and car, turning on the ignition, and then launching the software. VAG K+CAN Commander Vehicle List - Scribd
Unlocking the Full Potential of Your VAG Vehicle with K+CAN Commander 3.6
For Audi, Volkswagen, Seat, and Skoda owners, finding a reliable way to access deeper vehicle systems often leads to one powerful tool: the VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6. While newer platforms exist, version 3.6 remains a favorite for its balance of accessibility and "special functions" that standard OBDII scanners simply can't touch. What is VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6?
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a professional-grade diagnostic and programming interface specifically designed for the VAG (Volkswagen Audi Group) fleet. Unlike basic code readers, it operates on both the older K-Line and modern CAN-based protocols, allowing it to communicate with virtually every electronic control unit (ECU) in your car. Key Features and Capabilities
Standard Diagnostics: Read and clear Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) across all modules (Engine, Airbags, ABS, Transmission, and more).
Immobilizer Management: Read Security Access Codes (Login/WFS) and program transponder keys without needing the original dealer security code.
Odometer Correction: Calibrate or adjust instrument clusters and EDC15x engine units via the CAN bus.
EEPROM Access: Read and write EEPROM data directly from instrument clusters, immobilizers, and various ECUs (BOSCH, Porsche, etc.).
Special Tweaks: Activate TV-in-motion for MMI systems (A6, A8, Q7) and clear "crash data" from airbag modules. System Requirements & Compatibility
To run the software effectively, you need a setup that respects its older architecture. VAG K+CAN Commander v 3.6 - ecutool.ru
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized PC-based diagnostic and programming software used primarily for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT, Skoda, and Porsche. Unlike standard OBD-II scanners, it provides low-level access to electronic control units (ECUs) for advanced tasks like odometer correction, immobilizer programming, and security code extraction. Автодиагностик Груп Key Capabilities and Functions vag kcan commander 36 top download repack
The software is divided into standard diagnostic functions and "Special Functions" that target specific modules: Odometer Correction:
Modification of mileage readings in instrument clusters and EDC15x ECUs via CAN and K-Line protocols. Security & Immobilizers:
Extraction of security access codes (PINs), reading/writing EEPROM for immobilizers, and transponder key learning without needing the original security code. Airbag Management:
Clearing "crash data" memory and resetting error codes in airbag control modules. ECU Programming:
Reading and writing flash memory for various ECUs, including BOSCH VAG-EDC15x, ME7x, and MED951. Video Activation:
Enabling the "TV in motion" feature for MMI-based vehicles like the Audi A6, A8, and Q7. Автодиагностик Груп Compatibility and Technical Details
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 FULL - Автодиагностик Груп
VAG KCAN Commander 36 Top Download Repack: A Comprehensive Guide
The VAG KCAN Commander 36 is a popular diagnostic tool used by car enthusiasts and professionals alike to troubleshoot and diagnose issues with Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, and Skoda vehicles. The software has gained a significant following due to its ease of use, comprehensive features, and compatibility with a wide range of VAG vehicles. In this article, we will explore the VAG KCAN Commander 36 top download repack, its features, benefits, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to download, install, and use the software.
What is VAG KCAN Commander 36?
The VAG KCAN Commander 36 is a diagnostic software designed to work with VAG vehicles, allowing users to read and erase fault codes, view live data, and perform various diagnostic functions. The software is compatible with a wide range of VAG vehicles, including those with K-line and CAN bus systems. The VAG KCAN Commander 36 is a powerful tool that provides detailed information about the vehicle's engine, transmission, brakes, and other systems.
Key Features of VAG KCAN Commander 36
The VAG KCAN Commander 36 offers a range of features that make it an essential tool for VAG vehicle owners and mechanics. Some of the key features include:
Benefits of Using VAG KCAN Commander 36
The VAG KCAN Commander 36 offers several benefits to VAG vehicle owners and mechanics, including:
Downloading and Installing VAG KCAN Commander 36
To download and install the VAG KCAN Commander 36, follow these steps:
Using VAG KCAN Commander 36
To use the VAG KCAN Commander 36, follow these steps:
Troubleshooting Common Issues
If you encounter issues while using the VAG KCAN Commander 36, here are some troubleshooting tips:
Conclusion
The VAG KCAN Commander 36 is a powerful diagnostic tool that provides detailed information about VAG vehicle systems. The software offers a range of features, including fault code reading and erasing, live data streaming, and diagnostic functions. By following the steps outlined in this article, users can download, install, and use the VAG KCAN Commander 36 to diagnose and repair issues with their VAG vehicles. Whether you're a car enthusiast or a professional mechanic, the VAG KCAN Commander 36 is an essential tool to have in your diagnostic arsenal.
FAQs
Additional Resources
The VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized diagnostic and programming tool designed for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, VW, Seat, and Skoda. While it is a powerful tool for advanced functions like odometer correction and key programming, users should exercise extreme caution as improper use can permanently disable electronic components. Core Functionality
The software is divided into standard diagnostics and "Special Functions":
Standard Diagnostics: Includes reading and clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), finding device identification (HW/SW numbers), and viewing measured values from control modules like the Engine, ABS, and Airbags. Special Functions:
Odometer Correction: Modifying mileage in instrument clusters and EDC15x ECUs.
Security & Immobilizer: Reading Security Access Codes (PINs), programming immobilizer data, and key learning without needing a dealer login.
EEPROM Access: Reading and writing EEPROM for various Engine Control Units (BOSCH, Porsche).
MMI TV-Activation: Enabling TV-in-motion for Audi A6, A8, and Q7 models. Compatibility & System Requirements
Operating System: It is primarily designed for Windows XP. While it may run on Windows 7 or 10, users often encounter driver issues and may require 32-bit versions or manual port configuration.
Hardware: Requires a compatible VAG K+CAN Commander USB interface cable.
Vehicle Protocol: Supports CAN-based vehicles (using CAN-TP2.0) and older K-line models. It typically covers vehicles up to approximately 2007–2012, with limitations on newer 2013+ models. User Considerations
Antivirus Warnings: Most installation guides note that antivirus software must be disabled before installation, as many versions of the software are flagged as false positives due to their low-level system access.
Risk Level: Unlike standard OBD scanners, this tool allows direct writing to the vehicle's memory. It is critical to backup all electronic modules before making any modifications.
Market Alternatives: Reviewers often compare it to VCDS (VAG-COM), noting that while Commander 3.6 is better for specialized "hacks" (like PIN reading), VCDS is more reliable for general diagnostics and maintenance.
For those looking to purchase, the hardware and software are often bundled on sites like AliExpress or Desertcart for around ₹2,000 to ₹6,000 depending on the version and seller. For VAG K CAN Commander V3.6 Code Reading ... - AliExpress
The search for a VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 top download repack
isn't just about finding a file; it’s a journey into the "grey market" of automotive DIY. This specific version represents a legendary era of car hacking where owners of Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, and Skoda vehicles gained unprecedented power over their machines. The "Deep Story" of Version 3.6
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a professional-grade diagnostic and programming tool that peaked in the mid-to-late 2000s. Unlike standard scanners that just read codes, the "Commander" was built for deep-level system surgery: In warez and tuning forums, “top download repack”
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 - автомобильный сканер - scaner-avto
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized diagnostic software tool designed for Volkswagen Group vehicles, including VW, Audi, Seat, and Skoda. It is widely used by automotive technicians and DIY enthusiasts for advanced functions that standard OBD-II scanners cannot perform, such as odometer correction, security code (PIN) reading, and key programming.
When searching for a VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 top download repack, users are often looking for a version that is pre-configured for modern operating systems, includes all necessary drivers, and has been verified for stability. Key Features of VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6
The 3.6 version remains a popular choice due to its balance of stability and deep system access. Its primary functions include:
Diagnostic functions: Reading and clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) across various electronic control units (ECUs).
Odometer correction: Adjusting mileage in the instrument cluster and the EDC15x ECU.
Security Access: Reading the login/security code (PIN) for immobilizer systems.
Key Programming: Adding or removing keys from the vehicle's memory.
EEPROM Access: Reading and writing EEPROM data from the instrument cluster and immobilizer.
Airbag Reset: Clearing crash data and resetting airbag modules. Hardware Requirements
To use this software, you cannot use a standard ELM327 Bluetooth adapter. You require a specific VAG K+CAN Commander hardware interface. These are typically USB-to-OBD-II cables equipped with the FTDI chip and specialized circuitry to handle the proprietary K-Line and CAN-BUS protocols used by VAG vehicles. Understanding the "Repack" Version
A "repack" version of VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 typically refers to a software bundle that has been optimized for ease of installation. Standard versions of this software were originally designed for Windows XP or Windows 7 and can be notoriously difficult to install on Windows 10 or 11 due to driver signature requirements. A high-quality repack usually includes:
64-bit Compatible Drivers: Updated FTDI drivers that work with modern Windows environments.
Pre-activated Files: Removing the need for complex registration or hardware IDs.
Port Configuration Tools: Scripts or instructions to help set the COM port to the required "COM1" or "COM2" settings. Installation and Setup Guide
To successfully run the VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 on a modern machine, follow these general steps:
Disable Antivirus: Many diagnostic tools are flagged as "false positives" because they interact with system hardware at a low level.
Install FTDI Drivers: Plug in your cable and manually point Windows to the driver folder included in your repack.
Configure COM Port: Go to Device Manager > Ports > USB Serial Port > Advanced. Change the COM Port Number to COM1 and set the Latency Timer to 1ms.
Run as Administrator: Right-click the application executable and select "Run as Administrator" to ensure it has the permissions needed to talk to the USB port. Safety and Compatibility Warnings
While VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a powerful tool, it should be used with caution:
Vehicle Compatibility: It works best on vehicles manufactured between 1996 and 2009. Newer vehicles using the UDS protocol may require newer software like VCP (VAG Can Professional) or ODIS.
Battery Voltage: Always ensure your laptop and the vehicle have a stable power supply. A voltage drop during an EEPROM write can "brick" an instrument cluster.
Backup Data: Always use the "Read" function to save a backup of your original EEPROM or coding before making any changes.
🚨 Note: Only download software from reputable automotive forums or verified sources. Improperly modified "cracked" versions can contain malware or cause communication errors that may damage your vehicle's electronic modules.
To help you get the most out of your diagnostic setup, could you share: The specific vehicle model and year you are working on?
The operating system you are using (e.g., Windows 10, Windows 11)?
The specific task you are trying to complete (e.g., key programming, mileage adjustment)?
This guide outlines the capabilities and setup for the VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6
, a specialised diagnostic and programming tool for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, VW, Seat, and Skoda. Core Capabilities
The VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a more advanced version of the 1.4 model, designed for newer CAN-based vehicles. It provides deep access to Electronic Control Units (ECUs) often inaccessible to standard tools. Standard Diagnostics
: Read and clear Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) across all modules (Engine, Airbags, ABS, etc.) and view live measured values. Immobiliser & Keys
: Read Security Access Codes (PIN/SKC), program immobiliser data, and perform "Easy Key" learning without needing the original security code. Instrument Cluster
: Perform odometer correction and read/write EEPROM data for supported clusters. Advanced EEPROM Functions
: Read/write EEPROM for Engine Control Units like BOSCH EDC15x and ME7.x. Special Functions
: Clear airbag crash data and activate TV functions for MMI-based systems in Audi A6, A8, and Q7 models. Installation Guide
The software is typically a Windows-based application designed for Windows XP
. Compatibility with Windows 10 may require specific 32-bit environments or additional drivers. Vag k can commander 3.6-AliExpress
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized diagnostic and programming tool used primarily for Volkswagen Group vehicles (Audi, VW, Seat, Skoda) produced roughly between 1998 and 2012. It is widely used by enthusiasts and technicians for advanced tasks beyond standard OBD-II code reading. 🛠️ Key Functionalities
The tool is valued for its "special functions" that are often inaccessible via standard diagnostic equipment:
Odometer Correction: Allows reading and writing of mileage data directly to the instrument cluster.
Immobilizer Management: Extracts security access codes (PIN/SKC), programs new keys, and can enable or disable the immobilizer system. The appeal is obvious: the original software costs
EEPROM Access: Reads and writes to the EEPROM of various electronic control units (ECUs).
Airbag Reset: Capable of clearing "crash data" from specific airbag modules that standard scanners cannot reset.
TV Activation: Enables video-in-motion for VAG MMI systems (e.g., Audi A6, A8, Q7). 🚗 Vehicle Compatibility
The version 3.6 software is specifically designed for vehicles using the CAN-TP2.0 and K-line protocols. Audi: A3, A4, A6, A8, Q7, TT, and Allroad.
Volkswagen: Golf 5, Jetta (2006+), Caddy, Touaran, EOS, Passat B6, and Polo. Seat: Leon, Altea, Toledo. Skoda: Octavia II, Scout, Superb.
Porsche: Limited support for 911 (996/997), Boxster, Cayman, and Cayenne for EEPROM reading. ⚠️ Technical Risks & Safety
Users seeking a "top download repack" should be aware of several critical risks: VAG K+Can Commander instruction - Hidplanet.lv
The VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized diagnostic and programming tool designed for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT, and Škoda
. It serves as a cost-effective solution for both DIY enthusiasts and professional technicians to perform tasks that standard OBD-II scanners cannot, such as immobilizer management and deep ECU programming. AliExpress Core Capabilities and Functions
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 distinguishes itself through its ability to access "Electronic Control Units" (ECUs) and perform special functions. www.diagauto.lt Vag k can commander 3.6-AliExpress
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a specialized PC-based diagnostic software designed for Volkswagen Group (VAG) vehicles, including Audi, VW, Seat, and Skoda. While primarily used for reading and clearing diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), version 3.6 is highly valued for "special functions" like odometer correction, security code (PIN) retrieval, and immobilizer programming. Key Features & Capabilities
Special Functions: Supports odometer correction on CAN-based clusters, reading security access codes (Login WFS), and reading/writing EEPROM from instrument clusters and immobilizers.
ECU Support: Can read and write EEPROM for various Bosch Engine Control Units (e.g., EDC15x, ME7.x) and certain Porsche models like the Cayenne.
Media Activation: Includes MMI-TV activation for Audi A6, A8, and Q7 models.
Diagnostics: Provides deep access to addresses 0x01 to 0x80, covering nearly all electronic control units in VAG vehicles. Vehicle Compatibility
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 supports vehicles using both CAN and K-Line protocols:
CAN-Bus (Approx. 2004–2007): VW Golf 5, Passat B6, Audi A3, A8, Q7, and various Seat/Skoda models.
K-Line (Older models): Audi A2, A4 (up to 2002), VW Golf 4, Bora, Beetle, and others. Installation & Setup Guide
To ensure the software runs correctly, especially on modern operating systems like Windows 10/11, follow these steps:
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6: The Ultimate Diagnostic Tool for VW and Audi
If you are a Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, or Skoda enthusiast who prefers DIY maintenance over expensive dealership visits, you’ve likely heard of VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6. Unlike standard OBD2 scanners that only read basic engine codes, this powerful software allows for deep-level electronic intervention.
In this guide, we’ll explore why the top download repack of version 3.6 remains a staple in the tuning community, what it can do, and how to set it up safely. What is VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6?
VAG K+CAN Commander is a specialized diagnostic software designed for vehicles within the VAG group. While tools like VCDS are great for general diagnostics and coding, the "Commander" series is specifically famous for its ability to perform advanced functions that are usually locked by the manufacturer. Key Features of Version 3.6:
Odometer Correction: Allows users to recalibrate instrument clusters (useful when replacing a broken cluster).
Security Pin Extraction: Read Login/Security Access Codes (SKC) from the ECU or Immobilizer.
Key Programming: Program new transponder keys without needing the dealer's online connection.
EEPROM Access: Read and write the EEPROM of various control modules (Engine, Dash, Airbag).
Airbag Reset: Clear "Crash Data" from airbag modules after a deployment or sensor error. TV Activation: Enable "TV in Motion" for older MMI systems. Why Look for a "Top Download Repack"?
The original software for the K+CAN Commander often came on mini-CDs with hardware cables, which were frequently prone to corruption or missing drivers. A "Top Download Repack" refers to a community-vetted version of the software that has been:
Optimized for Modern OS: Patched to run on Windows 10 and 11 (the original was built for XP).
Driver Included: Bundled with the correct FTDI drivers needed for the USB-to-OBD interface.
No Installation Hassle: Often "portable," meaning you can run the .exe directly without a complex installation process. Compatible Hardware
To use VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6, you cannot use a standard ELM327 Bluetooth dongle. You need a VAG K+CAN Diamond/Commander Cable (usually featuring the FT232RL chip). These cables are specifically wired to handle both the older K-Line and the newer CAN-bus protocols used by VAG vehicles from the late 90s to the mid-2010s. How to Install and Use
If you have found a reliable download, follow these steps to get started:
Disable Antivirus: Many diagnostic tools are flagged as "false positives" because they interact with hardware at a low level.
Install Drivers: Connect your cable and ensure the "USB Serial Port" is recognized in your Device Manager.
Set COM Port: Go to Device Manager -> Ports -> USB Serial Port -> Properties -> Advanced. Set the COM Port Number to COM1 (or COM2) and set the Latency Timer to 1ms for the best connection stability.
Launch the Software: Open the repack folder and run tester.exe or VAG-Commander.exe.
Select Target: Choose your connection type (CAN or K-Line) and the specific module you wish to access. Important Safety Warning
VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 is a powerful tool. Because it can write to the EEPROM of your car’s computer, it is possible to "brick" a module if you click the wrong button or lose power during a write process. Always backup your EEPROM before making any changes.
Ensure your laptop is plugged in and your car battery is healthy.
Use at your own risk. This software is intended for advanced users and professional technicians. Conclusion
The VAG K+CAN Commander 3.6 repack remains one of the most cost-effective ways to take full control of your Audi or VW’s electronic system. Whether you're trying to pull a PIN code for a new key or resetting an airbag light, this tool provides "dealership level" access from your own garage. Just remember to proceed with caution and always keep a backup of your original data!
If you decide to purchase a real license (available from evc.de or mhhauto.com), here’s a safe workflow: